Process for reproducing permanent images on light-sensitive materials by various forms of radiant energy, including visible light, ultraviolet, infrared, X-rays, atomic radiations, and electron beams.
From Key Concepts in Journalism Studies The characterization of journalism as a social ‘watchdog’ springs from a classical liberal conception of the power relationship between government and society within a democratic state.
From Key Concepts in Journalism Studies
This developed in America during the 1880s but had its roots in the new penny papers exemplified by the New York Sun, published by Benjamin Day in 1833 and targeted at a newly literate American working-class readership.
From Key Concepts in Journalism Studies Broadcasters are bound by law and their own guidelines to be impartial. Newspapers are not. At its simplest, expressed in the former Radio Authority's code of practice, it means not taking sides. But as Wilson (1996: 43) points out, ‘It is in the class of understanding which says the elephant is difficult to describe but easy to recognize’.
From Key Concepts in Journalism Studies Journalism ethics are the moral principles, reflected in rules, written or unwritten, which prescribe how journalists should work to avoid harming or distressing others, e.g. when gathering information; when deciding what to publish; when responding to complaints about their work.
From Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications
Press freedom in Africa is a complex, checkered, nonlinear affair. It was mostly nonexistent during the colonial period in most of the linguistic regions of the continent. It evolved from colonial subjugation, to tight government control during the period of the one-party state and apartheid, to the relative freedom of the present.
From Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications This article points out that that the political structures of Asian countries do not reflect a common set of “Asian values,” even though that concept is used as justification for controlling the press (or, more accurately, all outlets used for public communication).
From Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications
Of the former Soviet republics, the Baltic states have developed the most tolerant atmosphere for journalists. Most international watchdog groups that chronicle infringements on press freedom do not even include Estonia, Latvia, or Lithuania in their annual reports.
From Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications
Political scientist Samuel Huntington has written that “democracy is a solution to the problem of tyranny, but not necessarily to anything else.” The problems faced by the Latin American press are in a real sense the problems of Latin America as a whole: poverty, violent conflict, inadequate economic development, chronic inflation and substantial external debt, and political leaders who in some cases are not fully committed to the rule of law.
From Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications The authoritarian regimes, quasi-police states, oligarchies, and military-backed governments that dominate the political landscape of the Middle East and North Africa provide formidable obstacles to press freedom and independent journalism.
Publication brought out periodically, typically containing articles, essays, short stories, reviews, and illustrations. It is thought that the first magazine was Le Journal des savants, published in France in 1665. The first magazine in the UK was a penny weekly, the Athenian Gazette, better known later as the Athenian Mercury (1690-97).
From The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide
Even though both tabloids and broadsheets are newspapers, they do not have the same content. Importantly, if both styles of newspaper report on the same news event, they are likely to choose a different angle, or emphasize different features of the story. In short, the content and style of broadsheets and tabloids are as different as their physical layout.
From Key Concepts in Journalism Studies The life of a newspaper editor can be a chequered one. At its best, it is a prestigious and highly-paid job with responsibility for a publication which may have millions of readers and involves a social life mixing with celebrities and politicians. At its worst, the position is high-pressured and a continuous battle trying to strike a fine balance between the editorial and commercial elements, while being personally accountable for legal problems which may lead to imprisonment.
From Key Concepts in Journalism Studies Muck-raking scumbag or noble seeker after truth? Journalism seems to accommodate both stereotypes with the same ease it embraces lurid allegations of the latest celebrity infidelity alongside exposure of serious institutional or individual wrongdoing or serious political and social analysis.
From Key Concepts in Journalism Studies ‘Great columnists make the difference great sauces make’, claims Bernard Shrimsley (2003: 23) in reference to those writers who assume personalities, sometimes fictitious, to opine to an audience to whom they appear familiar and friendly (Silvester, 1997: xi).